下颌前部种植区出血风险的尸体解剖研究
Anatomicassessmentoftheanteriormandibleandrelativehemorrhageriskinimplantdentistry:
acadavericstudy
下颌前部种植区出血风险的尸体解剖研究
Materialandmethods
Thestudyconsistedof80humanmandiblesbelongingtodeadpatientswhohaddonatedtheirbodyforresearchpurpose.Theagerangeofthesubjectswas59–90years(mean76years),withequalgenderdistribution.ThemandibleswereprovidedwithethicalapprovalfromtheDepartmentofAnatomyattheFacultyofMedicineRene?DescartesofParis5(Paris5Univer-sity,Paris).In60mandiblesthesizeofmidlinelingualforaminaandcanalsvisibleaboveand/orbelowmentalspinesandtheirdistancesfromthemandibularbaseweremeasuredatthelingualsideusingadigitalcaliperofaccuracy0.02mm(Mitutoyo--20DigimaticAbsoluteCaliper,MitutoyoItalianaS.r.l.,Lainate,Milan,Italy).Theverticaldistancefromtheinferiorborderofthemandibletothealveolarcrestatthemidlinewasalsomeasured.Themidlineforaminawereclassifiedinto‘superiorandinferiorgenialspinalforamina’accordingtotheirverticallocationwithrespecttothementalspinesinconformitywiththeclassificationproposedbyLiangetal.(),asshowninFig.1.
材料和方法:
80个人下颌骨,年龄59-90岁(平均76岁),在其中60个人下颌骨中,使用准确度为0.02mm的数字化测量仪测量下颌骨中线舌侧孔和舌侧管的大小,以及在舌侧其与上方和/或下方棘突之间及与下颌骨基底之上和/或之下的距离。还测量了中线处下颌骨下缘到牙槽嵴顶的垂直距离。Liang等人还根据垂直位置及棘突之间关系进行分类,将舌侧孔分为“棘突上和棘突下舌侧孔”。
如图1所示
图1.该图显示下颌的三个舌侧孔:
分别为1类:舌侧孔位于棘突之上;2类、3类:舌侧孔位于棘突之下
Macro-anatomicaldissectionswereperformedonfurther20mandibularspecimenstoinvestigatethevascularcontentassociatedwithmidlinesuperiorlingualforaminaandcanals.Inferiorlingualforaminaandcanalswerenotinspectedbecausetheriskofsurgicalviolationofthesecanalsisnegligiblerespecttothosesuperiortogenialspines.ThelingualarteriesexaminedwereinjectedwithliquidlatexmixedwithredIndiainkthroughtheexternalcarotidarteries.Thisallowedtoestimatethevascularrisksrelatedtosurgicalproceduresinvolvingthisanatomicalregion.
在另20个人下颌骨标本上进行宏观解剖学解剖,以研究血管内容物与中线处舌侧孔和舌侧管间的关联。这样便可评估该解剖区域的外科手术相关的血管风险。
Results
Allofthe60mandiblesusedforassessingforaminadistributionhadatleastonelingualforamen.Sixteenofthem(27%)hadthreemidlineforaminaatthelingualsideofthemandibularmidline,26mandibles(43%)hadtwoforaminainthemandibularmidlineand18(30%)hadasingleforamenandcanal.Whenonlyoneforamenwaspresent,itwasalwayslocatedsuperiortothegenialspines.Inmandibleshavingtwomidlineforamina,theonewiththelargerdiameterwaslocatedabovethegenialspines.Inmandiblesshowingthreemidlineforamina,onesuperiorandtwoinferiorgenialspinalforaminawerefoundin15outof16cases.ThedistributionofthenumberofforaminaforeachmandibleisshowedinFig.2.
结果
在所检查的60个下颌骨中,至少都有一个舌侧孔,其中16例(27%)有3个孔,26例
(43%)在有2个孔,18例(30%)有一个孔。当只有一个孔存在时,它总是位于棘突之上。当有两个孔时,较大直径孔位于棘突之上。当有三个孔时,在16例中有15例发现一个孔在棘突之上两个孔在棘突之下。
每个下颌骨的孔数分布如图2所示。对位于棘突之上(a)或棘突之下(b)的舌侧孔观察到几种存在模式,其在颌骨中分布的绝对数值和相对数值(括号)的频率分布见图,对于横轴:1a/0b,1a/1b,1a/2b对应表示其中一个孔位于棘突之上,0、1、2个孔位于棘突之下,2a/1b表示两个孔位于棘突之上一个孔位于棘突之下。
图2:每个下颌骨的舌侧孔数
Themeanheightofthemandiblesatmidlinewas23.64.8mm(SD)(range17.9–30.2mm).Themeandistanceofthesuperiorgenialforaminafromthebaseofthemandiblewas12.52.1mm(n1?,range9.5–20.4mm),whilethemeanheightoftheinferiorgenialoneswas3.22.3mm(n1?,range0.2–9.6mm)atthelingualside.ThefrequencyofdistributionoftheforaminainfunctionofthesedistancesisshowedinFigs3and4.Thediameterofthesuperiorgenialforamina,measuredattheentranceofthebonycanal,averaged0.90.5mm,whiletheoneofinferiorgenialforaminawas0.80.4mmatthelingualside.
下颌骨中线的平均高度为23.6±4.8mm(SD)(范围17.9?30.2mm)。棘突之上舌侧孔与下颌骨基底的平均距离为12.5±2.1mm(n±1/61,范围为9.5?20.4mm),棘突之下的舌侧孔与下颌基底的平均距离为3.2±2.3mm(n1/4),范围0.2-9.6毫米,孔的分布频率如图3和图4所示。
Fig.3.Distributionofthesuperiorgenialforaminaaccordingtotheverticaldistancerespecttothemandiblebase.
图3:棘突之上舌侧孔与下颌骨上部基线之间的垂直距离
Fig.4.Distributionoftheinferiorgenialforaminaaccordingtotheverticaldistancerespecttothemandiblebase.
图4:棘突之下舌侧孔与下颌骨下部基线之间的垂直距离
Evaluationofthemacro-anatomicaldissectionsindicatedthatthemainarterialsupplytotheanteriormandibleisthesublingualarteryasabranchofthelingualorsubmentalartery.Aclearvascu-larperforatingbranchenteringthesuperiorspinalgenialforaminaasasinglevesselfromasublingual-sublingualanastomosiswasfoundin19outof20mandibularspecimensstudied(Figs5and6).
宏观解剖学解剖的评估表明,走形于下颌骨的下颌前部的动脉供应是作为舌动脉或颏下动脉分支的舌下动脉。在研究的20个下颌骨标本中的19个(图5和图6)中发现了清晰的血管孔分支作为单个血管从舌下-舌下吻合支进入舌侧孔。
Theclinicalrelevanceofthisanatomicfeatureisunder-linedbythegrowingdiffusionofimplanttreatmentsatthemandibularmidlineandbyreportsof白癜风的根治方法哪家医院白癜风能治好
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